host inventory主机清单
playbook相当于脚本，
modules模块
ansible工作原理
通过执行命令，或ansible playbook,cmdb
ansible配置文件
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg主配置文件，配置ansible工作特性
/etc/ansible/hosts/主机清单
/etc/ansible/roles/存放角色的目录
程序
/usr/bin/ansible 主程序，临时命令执行工具
/usr/bin/ansible-doc 查看配置文档，模块功能查看工具
/usr/bin/ansible-galaxy 下载/上传优秀代码或roles模块的官网平台
/usr/bin/ansible-playbook 定制自动化任务，编排剧本工具/usr/bin/ansible-pull 远程执行命令的工具
/usr/bin/ansible-console 基于console界面与用户交互的执行工具
主机清单inventory
/etc/ansible/hosts文件格式
[webservers]
www1.magedu.com:2222
www2.magedu.com
[dbservers]
db1.magedu.com
db2.magedu.com
可以分组
[websrvs]
192.168.30.101
192.169.30.102
[dbsrvs]
192.168.30.10[1:3]
**ansible系列命令**
ansible ansible-doc ansible-playbook ansible-vault
ansible-console ansible-galaxy ansible-pull
ansible-doc:显示模块帮助
ansible-doc options
-l，- -list列出可用模块
-s, – -snippet显示指定模块的playbook片段
ansible <host-pattern> -m module_name
– -version 显示版本
-m module 指定模块，默认为command
-v 详细过程 -vv -vvv更详细
– -list-hosts 显示主机列表，可简写- -list
-k, – -ask-pass 提示连接密码，默认key验证(适合于所有的主机口令都一致)
-K, – -ask-become-pass 提示输入sudo
-C，- -check 检查，并不执行
-T, – -timeout=TIMEOUT 执行命令的超时时间，默认10s
-u, – -usr=REMOTE_USER 执行远程的用户
-b, – -become 代替旧版的sudo切换
usermod -aG wheel wang
sudo nopasswd
echo export EDITOR >> /etc/profile.
1、Ansible 172.20.104.99 172.20.104.66 -m ping -k
ansible的Host-pattern
匹配主机的列表
All:表示所有inventory中的所有主机
ansible all -m ping
*:通配符
ansible “*” -m ping
或关系
ansible “websrvs:appsrvs” -m ping
ansible “192.168.1.10:192.168.1.20” -m ping
逻辑与
ansible “websrvs:&dbsrvs”
在websrvs组，但不在dbsrvs组中的主机
逻辑非
ansible ‘websrvs:!dbsrvs’ -m ping
在websrvs组，但不在dbsrvs组中的主机
注意：此处为单引号
综合逻辑
ansible ‘websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs’ -m ping
正则表达式
ansible “websrvs:&dbsrvs” -m ping
ansible “~(web|db).*.magedu.com” -m ping
ansible常用模块
COMMAND:在远程主机执行命令，默认模块，可忽略-m选项
ansible srvs -m command -a ‘service vsftpd start’
ansible srvs -m command -a ‘echo magedu |passwd – -stdin wang’ 不成功
此命令不支持$VARNAME< > |;&等，用shell模块实现
Shell:和command相似，用shell执行命令
ansible srv -m shell -a ‘echo magedu|passwd – -stdin wang’
调用bash执行命令，类似cat /tmp/stanley.md |awk -F ‘|” {print 2}’ &> /tmp/example.txt这些复杂命令，即使需要的结果拉回执行命令的机器
Script :运行脚本
-a “/PATH/TO/SCRIPT_FILE”
ansible websrvs -m script -a f1.sh
Copy :从服务器复制文件到客户端
ansible srv -m copy -a “src=/root/f1.sh dest=/tmp/f2.sh owner=wang mode=600 backup=yes”
如目标存在，默认覆盖，此处指定备份
ansible srv -m copy -a “content=’test content\n’ dest=/tmp/f1.txt” 利用内容，直接生成目标文件
cron 计划任务
支持时间：minute, hour,day,month,weekday
ansible srv -m cron -a “minute=*/5 job=’/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &>/dev/null’name=synctime” 创建任务
ansible srv -m cron -a ‘state=absent name=synctime’ 删除任务
ansible all -m cron -a 'minute=* weekday=1,3,5' job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warningcron'设置计划任务 ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=false job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warningcron'取消计划任务
Fetch :从客户端取文件至服务器端，copy相反，目录可先tar
ansible srv -m fetch -a ‘src=/root/a.sh dest=/data/sciripts’
ansible all -m shell -a ‘tar Jcf log.tar.xz /var/log/*.log’
File :设置文件属性
ansible srv -m file -a “path=/root/a.sh owner=wang mode=755”
ansible web -m file -a ‘src=/app/testfile dest=/app/testfile-link state=link’
Hostname:管理主机名
ansible node1 -m hostname -a “name=websrv”
yum:管理包
ansible srv -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=latest’ 安装
ansible srv -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=absent’ 删除
Service:管理服务
ansible-doc -s service
ansible websrvs – -list
ansible srv -m service -a ‘name=httpd state=stopped’
ansible srv -m service -a ‘name=httpd state=started enabled=yes|no’
ansible srv -m service -a ‘name=httpd state=reloaded’
ansible srv -m sercice -a ‘name=httpd state=restarted’
User:管理用户
ansible-doc -u user
ansible srv -m user -a ‘name=user1 comment=”test user” uid=2048 home=/app/user1 group=root’
ansible srv -m user -a ‘name=sysuser1 system=yes home=/app/user1 group=root’
ansible srv -m user -a ‘name=user1 state=absent remove=yes’#删除用户及家目录等数据
ansible websrvs -m user -a ‘name=nginx shell=/sbin/nologin/ system=yes home=/var/nginx groups=root,bin,uid=80 comment=”nginx service”‘ #创建账号
ansible websrvs -a ‘getent passwd nginx’#在另一台电脑上查看
Group:管理组
ansible srv -m group -a “name=nginx system=yes gid=80”
ansible srv -m group -a “name=nginx state=absent”
ansible系列命令
ansible-galaxy
连接https://galaxy.ansible.com下载相应的roles
列出所有已安装的galaxy
ansible-galaxy list
安装galaxy
ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.redis
删除galaxy
ansible-galaxy remove geerlinguy.redis
ansible-pull
推送命令至远程，效率无限提升，对运维要求较高
ansible-playbook
ansible-playbook hello.yml
#mkdir ansible #vim hello.yaml --- -hosts: websrvs # remote_user: root #以root的身份在远程主机运行 tasks: - name: hello command: hostname #ansible-playbook hello.yml
ansible-vault
管理加密解密yml文件
ansible-vault [create|decrypt|edit|encrypt|rekey|view]
ansible-vault encrypt hello.yml 加密
ansible-vault decrypt hello.yml 解密
ansible-vault view hello.yml 查看
ansible-vault edit hello.yml 编辑加密文件
ansible-vault rekey hello.yml 修改口令
ansible-vault create new.yml 创建新文件
ansible-console:2.0+新增，可交互执行命令，支持tab
root@test(2)[f:10]$
执行用户@当前操作的主机组(当前组的主机数量)[f:并发数]$
设置并发数：forks n 例如：forks 10
切换组：cd主机组 例如：cd web
列出当前组主机列表：list
列出所有的内置命令：？或help
示例：
root@all(2)[f:5]$list
root@all(2)[f:5]$ cd appsrvs
root@appsrvs(2)[f:5]$list
root@appsrvs(2)[f:5]$yum name=httpd state=present
root@appsrvs(2)[f:5]$service name=httpd state=started
ansible-console
command hostname#在远程主机执行hostname
playbook
playbook是由一个或多个“play”组成的列表
play的主要功能在于将事先归并为一组的主机装扮成事先通过ansible的task定义好的角色。从根本上来讲，所谓的task无非是调用ansible的一个module。将多个play组织在一个playbook中，即可以让他们联同起来按事先编排的机制同唱一台大戏。
playbook采用YAML语言编写
yaml介绍
yaml语法简介
缩进必须是统一的，不能空格和tab混用
一个name只能包括一个task
list:列表，其所有元素均使用“-”打头
示例： # A list of tasty fruits - Apple - Orange - Strawberry - Mango
dictionay:字典，通常由多个key与value构成
示例： # An employee record name:Example Developer job:Developer skill:Elite 也可以将key:value放置于{}中进行表示，用，分隔多个key.value 示例： --- # An employee record {name:Example Developer,job:Developer,skill:Elite}
YAML语法
示例 name:john smith age:41 gender:male spouse: name:Jane Smith age:37 gender:Female childrem: - name:Jimmy Smith age 17 gender:Male - name:Jenny Smith age 13 gender:Female
playbook核心元素
hosts:执行的远程主机列表
tasks:任务集
Variables:内置变量或自定义变量在playbook中调用
Templates 模版，可替换模版文件中的变量并实现一些简单逻辑的文件
handlers和notity结合使用，由特定条件触发的操作，满足条件方才执行，否则不执行
tags标签 指定某条任务执行，用于选择运行playbook中的部分代码。ansibe具有幂等性，因此会自动跳过没有变化的部分，即便如此，有些代码为测试其确实没有发生变化的时间依然会非常地长。此时，如果确信其没有变化，就可以通过tags跳过此些代码片断。
ansible-playbook -t tagsname useradd.yml
playbook基础组件
hosts:
# vim file.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: create new file file: name=/data/newfile state=touch - name: create new user user: name=test2 system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin - name: install package yum: name=httpd - name: copy html copy: src=/var/www/html/index.html dest=/var/www/html/ - name: start service service: name-httpd state=started enable=yes #curl 192.168.30.101 welcome to magedu
Remote_user
task列表和action
tasks:任务列表
palybook如果中间有一个命令或脚本是错误的，不会执行后续的命令，可使用下面的方法解决：
tasks:
-name:run this command and ignore the result
shell:/usr/bin/somecommand || /bin/true
或者使用ignore_errors来忽略错误信息：
tasks:
-name:run this command and ignore the result
shell:/usr/bin/somecommand
ignore_errors:true
运行playbook
运行playbook的方式
ansible-playbook <filename.yml>…[options]
常见选项：
–check 只检测可能会发生的改变，但不真正执行操作
—list-hosts列出运行任务的主机
–limit主机列表 只针对主机列表中的主机执行
-v显示过程 -vv -vvv更详细
playbook中handlers使用
- hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: -name: install httpd yum: name=httpd state=present -name: install configure file copy: src=files/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ notify: restart httpd #对应下面handlers -name: ensure apache is running service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes handlers: -name: restart httpd service: name=httpd status=restarted
playbook中tags使用
有标签的效果是可以单独执行一个标签
示例： - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: -name: install httpd yum: name=httpd state=present -name: install configure file copy: src=files/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ tags:conf -name: ensure apache is running tags:service service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes ansible-playbook -t conf httpd.yml
ansible websrvs -m service -a ‘name=httpd state=stoped’#停止服务
Ansible-playbook -t rshttpd httpd.yml
playbook中变量使用
变量的来源：
1、ansible setup facts远程主机的所有变量都可直接调用
2、/etc/ansible/hosta中定义
示例： vim app.yml --- - hosts: appsrvs remote_user: root tasks: -name: set hostname hostname: name=www{{http_port}}.magedu.com
定义通用的分组的变量
[websrvs]
192.168.30.101 http_port=81
192.168.30.101 http_port=81
[websrvs:vars]
nodename=www
domainname=.magedu.com
3、通过命令行指定变量，优先级别最高
ansible-playbook -e varname=value
变量的优先级，命令行的大于playbook大于主机清单的
示例： vim app.yml --- - hosts: appsrvs remote_user: root tasks: -name: install package yum: name={{ pkname1 }} -name: start service #ansible-playboook -e 'pkname=vsftpd' app.yml
4、在playbook中定义
vars:
-var1:value1
-var2:value2
示例： vim app.yml --- - hosts: appsrvs remote_user: root vars: - pkname1: httpd - pkname2: tftpd tasks: -name: install package yum: name={{ pkname1 }} -name: install package yum: name={{ pkname2 }}
vim var.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks:
模版templates
示例： mkdir /etc/ansible/templates #cp nginx.conf/j2 #vim testtesttempl.yml nginx.conf/j2 --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: install package yum: name=nginx - name: copy template template: src=nginx.cong.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf - name: start service service: name=nginx state=state=srarted enable=yes #ansible-playbook -C testtempl.yml 在其它的机器上测试 #ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'ss -ntpl' #查看端口 #ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'ps aux|grep nginx'
示例：
#vim testtesttempl.yml nginx.conf/j2 --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: install package yum: name=nginx - name: copy template template: src=nginx.cong.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf notify: restart service - name: start service service: name=nginx state=state=srarted enable=yes handlers: - name: restart service service: name=nginx.cong.j2
when
#vim testtesttempl.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: - http_port: 88 tasks: - name: install package yum: name=nginx - name: copy template for centos7 template: src=nginx.congf7.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" notify: restart service - name: copy template for centos6 template: src=nginx.congf6.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6" notify: restart service - name: start service service: name=nginx state=srarted enable=yes handlers: - name: restart service service: name=nginx state=restarted
迭代：with_items
vim testtitem.yml --- - host: all remote_user: root tasks: - name: create some files file: name=/data/{{ item }} state=touch when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" with_items: - file1 - file2 - file3 - name=: install some packages yum: name={{ item }} with_items: - htop - sl - hping3 在另外两台机器上验证 #ansible all -m shell -a 'ls /data/ -l' #ansible all -m shell -a 'rpm -q htop sl hping3'
创建组
vim testitem2.yml --- - host: all remote_user: root tasks: - name: create some files group: name={{ item }} when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" with_items: - g1 - g2 - g3 #ansible-playbook testitem2.yml
创建3个组，并且创建3个用户，并分别把三个用户分别加到三个组里面
迭代嵌套子变量
vim tesitem3.yml --- - host: websrvs remote_user: root tasks: - name: create some groups group: name={{ item }} when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" with_items: - g1 - g2 - g3 - name: create some users user: name={{itwm.name}}group={{item.group}} with_items: -{ name: 'user1',group: 'g1' } -{ name: 'user2',group: 'g2' } -{ name: 'user3',group: 'g3' } #ansible-playbook tesitem3.yml #ansible all -m shell 'genten passwd'
for循环
利用for循环，生成一个语句块，生成一些配置信息，监听端口81，82，83
vim testfor.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: ports: - 81 - 82 - 83 tasks: - name: copy conf template: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf #vim for1.conf.j2 {% for port in ports %} server{ listen {{port}} } {% endfor %}
用字典的方式来改
vim testfor2.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: ports: - listen_port:81 - listen_port:82 - listen_port:83 tasks: - name: copy conf template: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf #vim /templatefor1.conf.j2 {% for port in ports %} server{ listen {{ port.listen_port }} } {% endfor %} #ansible-playbook testfor2.yml
嵌套
vim testfor2.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: ports: - web1: port: 81 name: web1.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website1 - web2: port: 82 name: web2.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website2 - web3: port: 83 name: web3.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website3 tasks: - name: copy conf template: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf #vim /templatefor3.conf.j2 {% for p in ports %} server{ listen {{ p.listen_port }} servername{{ p.name }} ducumentroot{{ p.rootdir }} } {% endfor %} #ansible-playbook testfor3.yml 注意调用的路径问题， 在其它机器上查看 cat /data/for3.conf
if的用法
vim testfor2.yml --- - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root vars: ports: - web1: port: 81 #name: web1.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website1 - web2: port: 82 name: web2.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website2 - web3: port: 83 #name: web3.magedu.com rootdir: /data/website3 tasks: - name: copy conf template: src=for4.conf.j2 dest=/data/for4.conf #vim /templatefor4.conf.j2 {% for p in ports %} server{ listen {{ p.listen_port }} {% if p.name is defined %} servername{{ p.name }} {% endif %} ducumentroot{{ p.rootdir }} } {% endfor %} #ansible-playbook testfor4.yml
roles
roles能够根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件、tasks以及handlers等。要使用roles只需要在playbook中使用include指令即可。简单来讲，roles就是通过分别将变量、文件、任务、模版及处理器放置于单独的目录中，并可以便捷地include他们的一种机制。
部署nginx服务， 1、创建nginx用户、 2、创建nginx组、 3、yum安装包、 4、配置template:nginx 5、启动服务。 #cd /etc/ansible/ #mkdir roles/{httpd,mysql memcache} #mkdir roles/nginx #规划子目录 一个放任务，一个放模版 #cd /nginx #mkfir tasks templates #cd tasks #vim group.yml - name: create group group: name=nginx gid=80 #vim user.yml - name: create user user: name=nginx uid=80 group=nginx system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin #vim yum.yml - name: install package yum: name:nginx #vim start.yml - name: start service service: name=nginx state=start enable=yes #vim restart.yml - name: restart service service: name=nginx state=start enable=yes #cp /etc/nginx/conf.d worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus+2 }}; vim templ.yml - name: copy conf template: src=nginx.cong.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf # vim main.yml - include: group.yml - include: user.yml - include: yum.yml - include: templ.yml - include: start.yml # 切换到和roles平级的目录 #vim nginx_role.yml - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root roles: role: nginx #ansible-playbook -C nginx_role.yml
定义httpd别的角色
cd roles/httpd/ mkdir tasks cd tasks ls #创建apache用户 #vim user.yml - name: create user user: name=apache system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin #vim copyfile.yml - name: copy files copy: src=/etc/httpd.conf dest=/data/ owner=apache #vim main.yml - include: user.yml - include: copyfile.yml #vim httpd_role.yml - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root roles: - httpd #ansible-playbook httpd_role.yml
在一个角色中跨项目调用另一个角色或着两个角色都使用。假如一个提供web服务，一个提供php服务。
Ansible all -m shell -a ‘userdel nginx’
#vim some_role.yml - hosts: websrvs remote_user: root roles: - role: httpd - role: nginx 引用另外的角色，比如在nginx中调用httpd的copy.yml #vim roles/nginx/tasks/main.yml - include: group.yml - include: user.yml - include: yum.yml - include: templ.yml - include: start.yml - include: roles/httpd/tasks/copyfile.yml #ansible-playbook nginx_role.yml
roles playbook tags使用
在角色中加标签tags
- hosts: websrvs remote_user: root roles: - {{ role: httpd,tags:['web','httpd']}} - {{ role: nginx,tags:['web','nginx']}} - {{ role: app,tags:"app"}} #cp -r nginx/ app/ #ansible-playbook -t web some_role.yml #只运行web标签
- hosts: all remote_user: root roles: - { role: httpd,tags:['web','httpd']} - { role: nginx,tags:['web','nginx']，when: ansible_distrubution_major_version == "7"}} - { role: app,tags:"app"} #ansible-playbook some_role.yml #只运行web标签
综合实验：
以httpd为例,创建app用户 mkdir root/anxible/roles/app mkdir tasks templates vars handers files cd tasks #vim group.yml - name: create group group: name=app system=yes gid=123 #vim user.yml - name: create user user: name=app group=app system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin uid=123 #vim yum.yml - name: install package yum: name=httpd #cp /etc/http/conf/httpd.conf ../templates/httpd.j2 vim ../templates/httpd.j2 listen {{ ansible_processor_vcpus*10 }} user {{ username }} group {{ group }} #vim 定义变量 username: app groupname: app #vim tasks/templates.yml - name: copy conf template: src=httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf notify: restart service #vim handlers/restart.yml - name: restart service service: name=httpd state=restarted #vim task - name: start service service: name=httpd state=started enable=yes #tree #touch files/vhosts.conf #vim - name: copy config copy: src=vhosts.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf.d/ owner=app #vim roles/main.yml - include: group.yml - include: user.yml - include: yum.yml - include: templ.yml - include: copu.yml - include: start.yml #ansible-playbook -C app.yml
tips
rpm -ql memcached
cat /etc/sysconfigmemcached
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