1、创建一个10G分区，并格式为ext4文件系统；
[root@localhost xuc]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 104857600 sda 8 1 524288 sda1 8 2 20971520 sda2 8 3 10485760 sda3 8 4 10485235 sda4 //新建分区10G (1) 要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA, 默认挂载属性包含acl； [root@localhost xuc]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sda4 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签=MYDATA 操作系统:Linux 块大小=2048 (log=1) 分块大小=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 655360 inodes, 5242616 blocks 104852 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=542113792 320 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2048 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104, 2048000, 3981312 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. (2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录，要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行，且不更新文件的访问时间戳； [root@localhost xuc]# mkdir -pv /data/mydata mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data" mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data/mydata" [root@localhost xuc]# mount -o noexec,noatime /dev/sda4 /data/mydata/ [root@localhost xuc]# mount /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/sda4 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,noatime)
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区，并创建好文件系统，并启用之；
//由于内存4G，因此这次创建的swap是内存2倍10G，而不是题目要求的1G
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 1371 10485760 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (1371-10443, default 1371):
Using default value 1371
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1371-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 3
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0006bb86
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 66 524288 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 66 1371 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1371 2676 10483898 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
[root@localhost xuc]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
[root@localhost xuc]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 83886080 sda
8 1 524288 sda1
8 2 10485760 sda2
8 3 10483898 sda3
[root@localhost xuc]# mkswap /dev/sda3
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 10483892 KiB
no label, UUID=a382c6e1-521f-4142-99f4-cb67146809fe
[root@localhost xuc]# swapon /dev/sda3
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备；
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息；
//通过函数调用来实现，第一个用cut，第二个用awk
#!/bin/bash
#
diskinfo(){
echo -e "Disks on the deivce:"
fdisk -l |egrep -o '^Disk /dev/sd[a-z]'|cut -d" " -f2
}
usage(){
df -h |egrep '/dev/sd' |awk -F' ' 'BEGIN{print "Usage is :"}{print $1,$3}'
}
diskinfo
echo
usage
[root@localhost test-scripts]# bash diskinfo
Disks on the deivce:
/dev/sda
Usage is :
/dev/sda2 2.8G
/dev/sda1 38M
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同；
-
RAID:Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks廉价磁盘冗余阵列 主要为了提高I/O能力和容错率
-
常用级别分为RAID-0，RADI-1，RAID-2…RAID-5，RAID-6，组合方式RAID10，RAID01
-
下面具体介绍一下具体实现和性能差异：
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1，要求有一个空闲盘，而且CHUNK大小为128k;
//正好有两个扩展分区磁盘为10G的 就做了RAID
[root@localhost test-scripts]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 /dev/sda{5,6}
[root@localhost test-scripts]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Sat Oct 8 18:05:03 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10482176 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10482176 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Sat Oct 8 18:05:26 2016
State : clean, resyncing
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Resync Status : 44% complete
Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : bee8c695:a50dfdfc:b3021feb:c3cafbba
Events : 7
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 5 0 active sync /dev/sda5
1 8 6 1 active sync /dev/sda6
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备，chunk大小为256k，格式化ext4文件系统，要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录，而且不更新访问时间戳，且支持acl功能；
[root@localhost test-scripts]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 3 -l 5 -c 256 /dev/sda{7,8,9}
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
[root@localhost test-scripts]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks
262944 inodes, 1051136 blocks
52556 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1077936128
33 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7968 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 22 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/md1 /backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0
7、写一个脚本
(1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数； (2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数； (3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数； #!/bin/bash # if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then echo "no parament,retry plz" exit 1 else for i in $*;do echo -n "$i file line is :" cat $i |wc -l done fi echo "Total file number is $#" [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash fileline.sh /etc/passwd /etc/fstab /etc/passwd file line is :32 /etc/fstab file line is :15 Total file number is 2 [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash fileline.sh no parament,retry plz
8、写一个脚本
(1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名； (2) 创建这些用户；且密码同用户名； (3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户； #!/bin/bash # declare -i count=0 if [ $# -le 1 ]; then echo "no parament,retry plz" exit 1 fi for i in $*;do id $i &>/dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then echo "$i is already exist" else useradd $i echo "$i" |passwd --stadin $i &>/dev/null let count+=1 fi done echo "Total parament is $#,create username is $count" [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash adduser.sh tom mike tom is already exist mike is already exist Total parament is 2,create username is 0 [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash adduser.sh tom jerry tom is already exist Total parament is 2,create username is 1
9、写一个脚本，新建20个用户，visitor1-visitor20；计算他们的UID之和；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i uid_sum=0
declare -i uid=0
for i in {1..20};do
useradd visitor$i
id visitor$i &>/dev/null
uid=`id visitor$i |cut -d" " -f1 |egrep -o '[0-9]{3}'`
let uid_sum+=uid
done
echo "visitor1~visitor20 UID_SUM is $uid_sum"
[root@localhost test-scripts]# bash UID_SUM.sh
uid=501(visitor1) gid=501(visitor1) 组=501(visitor1)
uid=502(visitor2) gid=502(visitor2) 组=502(visitor2)
uid=503(visitor3) gid=503(visitor3) 组=503(visitor3)
uid=504(visitor4) gid=504(visitor4) 组=504(visitor4)
uid=505(visitor5) gid=505(visitor5) 组=505(visitor5)
uid=506(visitor6) gid=506(visitor6) 组=506(visitor6)
uid=507(visitor7) gid=507(visitor7) 组=507(visitor7)
uid=508(visitor8) gid=508(visitor8) 组=508(visitor8)
uid=509(visitor9) gid=509(visitor9) 组=509(visitor9)
uid=510(visitor10) gid=510(visitor10) 组=510(visitor10)
uid=511(visitor11) gid=511(visitor11) 组=511(visitor11)
uid=512(visitor12) gid=512(visitor12) 组=512(visitor12)
uid=513(visitor13) gid=513(visitor13) 组=513(visitor13)
uid=514(visitor14) gid=514(visitor14) 组=514(visitor14)
uid=515(visitor15) gid=515(visitor15) 组=515(visitor15)
uid=516(visitor16) gid=516(visitor16) 组=516(visitor16)
uid=517(visitor17) gid=517(visitor17) 组=517(visitor17)
uid=518(visitor18) gid=518(visitor18) 组=518(visitor18)
uid=519(visitor19) gid=519(visitor19) 组=519(visitor19)
uid=520(visitor20) gid=520(visitor20) 组=520(visitor20)
visitor1~visitor20 UID_SUM is 10210
10、写一脚本，分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和，以及总的空白行数；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i u1=0 declare -i u2=0 for i in $*;do p=`grep '^#.*' $i |wc -l` q=`grep '^[[:space:]]*$' $i |wc -l` let u1+=p let u2+=q done echo "# head line sum is $u1" echo "space line sum is $u2" [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash file_line.sh /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions /etc/fstab # head line sum is 94 space line sum is 210
11、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i uid=0
awk -F: 'BEGIN{print "usershellname is bash"}$NF=="/bin/bash"{print $1,$NF}' /etc/passwd
p=`awk -F: '$NF=="/bin/bash"{print $3}' /etc/passwd`
for i in $p;do
let uid+=i
done
echo "uid_sum is :"
echo $uid
[root@localhost test-scripts]# bash showshell.sh
usershellname is bash
root /bin/bash
xuc /bin/bash
uid_sum is :
500
12、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有，拥有附加组的用户的用户名；并说明共有多少个此类用户；
#!/bin/bash # echo "attach group users list :" while read line;do user_sum=$(echo $line |cut -d: -f1) p=$(id -G $user_sum |wc -w) if [ $p -ge 2 ];then echo "$user_sum" let sum+=1 fi done < /etc/passwd echo "The number of ownerattach user : $sum" [root@localhost test-scripts]# bash ownerattach.sh attach group users list : bin daemon adm postfix xuc The number of ownerattach user : 5
13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组；要求，PE大小为8M；而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1，格式化为ext4文件系统，开机自动挂载至/users目录，支持acl；
[root@localhost xuc]# pvcreate /dev/sda{10,11}
Physical volume "/dev/sda10" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sda11" successfully created
[root@localhost xuc]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda10 lvm2 ---- 10.00g 10.00g
/dev/sda11 lvm2 ---- 10.00g 10.00g
[root@localhost xuc]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg /dev/sda{10,11}
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@localhost xuc]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
myvg 2 0 0 wz--n- 20.00g 20.00g
[root@localhost xuc]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 20.00 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2560
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2560 / 20.00 GiB
VG UUID VkgZVT-aKpf-6sg2-kkIE-0Utc-npvJ-LJPvSO
[root@localhost xuc]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
[root@localhost xuc]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1
LV Name mylv1
VG Name myvg
LV UUID 3pPfn1-tsw5-yPa0-yLg9-2xhB-iajm-HoH11e
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-10-11 18:56:45 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 640
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
[root@localhost xuc]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir users
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/md1 /backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0
/dev/myvg/mglv1 /users ext4 acl 0 0
[root@localhost myvg]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
14、新建用户magedu；其家目录为/users/magedu，而后su切换至此用户，复制多个文件至家目录；
[root@localhost myvg]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [root@localhost myvg]# su magedu [magedu@localhost myvg]$ cd /users/magedu/ [magedu@localhost ~]$ cp /etc/fstab /etc/passwd ./ [magedu@localhost ~]$ ls fstab passwd
15、扩展mylv1至9G，确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用；
[root@localhost myvg]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg/mylv1 Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@test users]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 [root@localhost myvg]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1 LV Name mylv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID 3pPfn1-tsw5-yPa0-yLg9-2xhB-iajm-HoH11e LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-10-11 18:56:45 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 9.00 GiB Current LE 1152 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0
16、缩减mylv1至7G，确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用；
[root@localhost myvg]# lvreduce -L -2G /dev/myvg/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce myvg/mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@test users]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 [root@localhost myvg]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1 LV Name mylv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID 3pPfn1-tsw5-yPa0-yLg9-2xhB-iajm-HoH11e LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-10-11 18:56:45 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 7.00 GiB Current LE 896 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256
17、对mylv1创建快照，并通过备份数据；要求保留原有的属主属组等信息；
[root@test users]# lvcreate -L 7G -p r -s -n mylv1_snapshot /dev/myvg/mylv1
原创文章，作者：N22_熊宝，如若转载，请注明出处：http://www.178linux.com/50611
