ansible

Ansible

1、  特性:

模块化:调用特定的模块,完成特定任务;

基于Python语言实现部署简单:agentless;

支持自定义模块;

支持playbook;编排任务;

ansible自身并不实现任何管理任务,它的所有管理任务,统统都使用模块完成;

                                              ansible

 

2、  安装

]# yum -y install ansible

安装ansible

]# rpm -ql ansible | less

安装了大量的模块,其中:

/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 主配置文件,配置ansible程序的工作特性

/etc/ansible/hosts 主机清单

/etc/ansible/roles 存放角色的目录

/usr/bin/ansible 主程序

/usr/bin/ansible-doc 查看配置文档

/usr/bin/ansible-galaxy

/usr/bin/ansible-playbook 辅助工具:剧本

模块:

                   获取模块列表:ansible-doc -l

                   获取指定模块的使用帮助:ansible-doc -s MOD_NAME

查看模块选项用法

ansible

先在管理主机上配置ssh-keygen生成秘钥对

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -P ''

[root@centos6clean ~]# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@10.1.72.10

[root@centos6clean ~]# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@10.1.72.20

 

简单应用:

a)Vim /etc/ansible/hosts

定义一个keepalived组,里面包含2台主机

 

20 [keepalived]

 21 10.1.72.10

 22 10.1.72.20

 [root@centos6clean ~]# ansible keepalived -m ping

ansible

b)、使用command模块

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible keepalived -m command -a "ls /tmp"

ansible

C)、使用shell模块

 [root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "cat /etc/fstab | grep 'ext4'"

ansible

注意:commandshell模块的核心参数直接为命令本身;而其它模块的参数通常为“key=value”格式

 

d)、使用copy模块

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/etc/issue dest=/tmp/issue.bak mode=777"

ansible

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m copy -a "content=hello\nworld dest=/tmp/hello"

ansible

可以直接将文件内容写进文件

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m copy -a "content=hello\nworld owner=root  dest=/tmp/hello"也可以直接指定属主

 

e)、使用cron模块

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m cron -a "minute=*/10 job='/sbin/ntpdate 10.1.0.1 &> /dev/null' name=ntp state=present"

ansible

Name:表示计划任务条目,必须指定

State:表示状态present(创建)是默认值|absent(删除)

ansible

 

f)、使用fetch模块:表示从远程主机取文件

 [root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m fetch -a "src=/etc/issue dest=/tmp/issue.bak"

ansible

 

 

 

 

g)file:设定文件特性;(修改属主、组等属性)

         1)创建链接文件

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible 10.1.72.10 -m file -a "path=/tmp/issue src=/etc/issue state=link"

Path:表示要创建的链接文件

Src:链接哪个文件

         2)修改属性

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible 10.1.72.10 -m file -a "path=/tmp/hello owner=user1 mode=222"

         3)创建文件夹

 [root@centos6clean ~]# ansible 10.1.72.10 -m file -a "path=/tmp/tmp state=directory"

 

h)、使用hostname模块

要使用变量方式,写个循环实现批量更改远程主机主机名

 

i)、使用yum模块

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m yum -a "name=tree state=present"

name= 指定程序包名称,可以带版本号,默认最新版本;

state=

presentlatest(最新版) 安装程序;

absent 卸载程序;

 

j)、使用service模块,:管理远程主机的服务

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m service -a "name=httpd state=started"

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped"

name= 指明管理的服务

state=

started 启动服务;

stopped 停止服务;

restarted 重启服务;

enabled= 开机自动启动;10

 

k)、使用user模块

name= 指定要管理的用户;

state= present | absent

system= 是否创建系统账号;

uid= 指定UID

shell= 默认shell类型;

group= 基本组;

groups= 额外(附加)组;

comment= 注释信息;

home= 用户的家目录;

remove state=absent时,删除用户时同时删除家目录;

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m user -a "name=newuser shell=/sbin/nologin uid=555"

[root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m user -a "name=newuser state=absent"//删除用户

 

l)、使用group模块

name=管理的组

         state=新建|删除

         system=系统组

         gid=

 [root@centos6clean ~]# ansible all -m group -a "name=newgroup system=true"

 

3YAML:是数据序列化格式设计的可读性与脚本语言与互动

         数据结构:

                            key:value

                                     – item1

                                     – item2

                                     – item3

                                     {name:jerry, age:21}

 

4PlayBook

         核心元素:

                   Tasks:任务,由模块定义的操作的列表;

                   Variables:变量,可调用ansible的变量或自定义的变量

                   Templates:模板,即使用了模板语法的文本文件;

                   Handlers:由特定条件触发的Tasks

Roles:角色,就是由以上元素组成;把主机列表分出来,用到哪个主机时,就放在哪个主机上执行;

 

主要作用:就是能够把多个相关联的任务,通过读取YAML格式的配置文件一次编完;要把任务、变量、模板、处理器放在一个YAML格式文件中进行指定,然后任务就可一次批量执行;

 

Vim /etc/ansibles/first.yaml

– hosts: all

 remote_user: root

 tasks:

 – name: create user

  user: name=user111 system=true      //SYSTEM=true 表示系统用户

 – name: create group

  group: name=group111 system=true state=present

注意:此处严格要求语法

 

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook –check first.yaml//预设置

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook –check  –list-hosts –list-tasks first.yaml

–list-hosts:显示要执行的主机

–list-tasks:显示要执行的任务

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook –check  –syntax-check  first.yaml

–syntax-check:测试语法

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook first.yaml    //执行

ansible

GATHERING FACTS 第一个任务,是默认的,在每一个目标主机上运行之前,需要知道目标主机的状态,例如主机名、ip地址等,这些都是内建变量,叫主机的facts变量,是ansible可调用的变量之一;这个过程就是收集变量的过程,也可手动收集;

TASK [create user] playbook中定义的第一个任务

TASK [create group] playbook中定义的第二个任务

PLAY RECAP 返回的报告

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible all -m setup                 //手动收集信息

 

5handlers:由特定条件触发的Tasks

         使用场景:当远程主机已经启动nginx服务,并监听在80端口,这时,我想改变监听的端口

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim nginx.yaml

 

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx

  – name: start nginx

    service: name=nginx state=started

  – name: set conf

    copy: src=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    notify: reload nginx

  handlers:

  – name: reload nginx

    shell: nginx -s reload

如果仅修改了配置文件,却还要从第一步,执行安装程序包,这样是没必要的,所以,可使用tag,给任务加标签,不指定标签时,执行所有任务,加标签时,只执行标签所在的任务;修改如下tags

vim nginx.yaml

 

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx

  – name: start nginx

    service: name=nginx state=started

  – name: set conf

    copy: src=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    tags: instconf

    notify: reload nginx

  handlers:

  – name: reload nginx

    shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook  -t instconf –list-tasks nginx.yaml

显示标签

ansible

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook –check -t instconf nginx.yaml

ansible

跳过执行

可以定义一个标签,多次使用

vim nginx.yaml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx

    tags: instconf

  – name: start nginx

    service: name=nginx state=started

  – name: set conf

    copy: src=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    tags: instconf

    notify: reload nginx

  handlers:

  – name: reload nginx

    shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook  -t instconf  nginx.yaml

 

也可以定义多个标签一同调用

vim nginx.yaml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx

    tags: instnginx

  – name: start nginx

    service: name=nginx state=started

  – name: set conf

    copy: src=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    tags: instconf

    notify: reload nginx

  handlers:

  – name: reload nginx

    shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook  -t instconf,instnginx  nginx.yaml

Playbook小结:

Hosts                         指明任务的目标主机

Remote_user  在远程主机上执行任务的用户

tasks                           任务列表

如果指明了三个任务,在三台主机上运行,执行次序是,把第一个任务在第三台主机运行,没问题则在三台主机上再运行第二个任务,如果在运行其中某一主机出现故障,后面的任务会终止;所以,任务列表,是自上而下,每个任务依次进行的;

 

6variables:变量

类型:

                   内建:

                            (1) facts:任何facts变量都由正在通信的目标主机发回的信息,ansible自动获取变量,可直接调用;在setup模块中查看变量;

                   自定义:

                            (1) 命令行传递;

                                     -e VAR=VALUE

vim install.yaml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install

    yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=present

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook  -e pkgname=tree install.yaml

 

                            (2) hosts Inventory中为每个主机定义专用变量值;

                                     (a) 向不同的主机传递不同的变量

                                               IP/HOSTNAME variable_name=value

/etc/ansible/hosts文件中写入参数

[keepalived]

10.1.72.10 hostn=cent10

10.1.72.20 hostn=cent20

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim host.yaml

– hosts: keepalived

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: hostname

    hostname: name={{ hostn }}

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook host.yaml

 

                                     (b) 向组内的所有主机传递相同的变量

                                               [groupname:vars]

                                               variable_name=value

[keepalived]

10.1.72.10

10.1.72.20

 

[keepalived:vars]

pkgname=tree

                            [root@centos6clean ansible]# vim host.yaml

– hosts: keepalived

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: hostname

    hostname: name={{ hostn }}

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook host.yaml

        

(3) playbook中定义

                                               vars:

                                               – var_name: value

                                               – var_name: value   

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  vars:

  – pkgname: tree

  tasks:

  – name: install

    yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=present

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ansible-playbook install.yaml

 

(4) Inventory还可以使用参数:

用于定义ansible远程连接目标主机时使用的属性,而非传递给playbook的变量;

                                               ansible_ssh_host

                                               ansible_ssh_port

                                               ansible_ssh_user

                                               ansible_ssh_pass

                                               ansible_sudo_pass

                                                        …

                                                                           此方法很少使用

                                     (5) 在角色调用时传递

                                               roles:

                                               – { role: ROLE_NAME, var: value, …}

Templates:模板

                   文本文件,内部嵌套有模板语言脚本(使用模板语言编写)

补充一点:setup模块式用来收集主机的一些信息的

执行模板文件中的脚本,并生成结果数据流,需要使用template模块;

         template

                   -a ”“

                            src=

                            dest=

                                     mode=

                                     onwer=

                                     group=

         注意:此模板不能在命令行使用,而只能用于playbook

vim nginx.yaml

– hosts: keepalived

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx state=present

  – name: start service

    service: name=nginx state=started

  – name: set conf

    template: src=/root/nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    tags: setconf

    notify: reload server

  handlers:

   – name: reload server

     shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim /root/nginx.conf.j2

 

# For more information on configuration, see:

#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/

#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

 

user              nginx;

worker_processes  {{ ansible_processor_vcpus }};

 

条件测试:when语句:在tasks中使用,Jinja2的语法格式

vim nginx.yaml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install nginx

    yum: name=nginx state=present

  – name: start service6

    shell: service nginx start

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and  ansible_distribution_major_version ==  "6"

  – name: start service

    shell: systemctl start nginx

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and  ansible_distribution_major_version ==  "7"

ansible

1、基于列表的方式

vim install.yaml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install

    yum: name={{ item }} state=present

    with_items:

    – tree

    – php

    – vsftpd

2、基于字典的方式

vim createuser.yaml

– hosts: 10.1.72.10

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: create group

    group: name={{ item }} state=present

    with_items:

    – group1

    – group2

    – group3

  – name: create user

    user: name={{ item.user }} group={{ item.group }} state=present

    with_items:

    – {user: "user1",group: "group1"}

    – {user: "user2",group: "group2"}

    – {user: "user3",group: "group3"}

 

===================centos6|7安装amp并启动服务============================

vim amp.yaml

 

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  tasks:

  – name: install amp

    yum: name={{ item }} state=present

    with_items:

    – php

    – php-mysql

    – mysql

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"

  – name: start server

    shell: service mysqld start

    shell: service httpd start

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"

  – name: install amp

    yum: name={{ item }} state=present

    with_items:

    – php

    – php-mysql

    – mariadb

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"

  – name: start server

    shell: systemctl start mariadb

    shell: systemctl start httpd

    when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"

ansible

 

角色:roles

以特定的层级目录结构进行组织的tasksvariableshandlerstemplatesfiles等;

         role_name/

                   files/:存储由copyscript等模块调用的文件;

                   tasks/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各task;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用;

                   handlers/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各handler;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用;

                   vars/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各variable;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用;

                   templates/:存储由template模块调用的模板文本;

                   meta/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,定义当前角色的特殊设定及其依赖关系;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用;

                   default/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于设定默认变量;

                                              

playbook中调用角色的方法:

         – hosts: HOSTS

          remote_user: USERNAME

          roles:

          – ROLE1

          – ROLE2

          – { role: ROLE3, VARIABLE: VALUE, …}

          – { role: ROLE4, when: CONDITION }

第一步:创建固定目录结构

]# mkdir /etc/ansible/roles/nginx/{files,tasks,templates,handlers,vars,default,meta} -pv

]# tree /etc/ansible/roles/nginx/

第二步:提供各目录下的配置文件

[root@centos6clean nginx]# vim tasks/main.yml

– name: install nginx

  yum: name=nginx state=present

– name: copy conf

  template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

  notify: reload nginx

  tags: setconf

– name: start nginx

  service: name=nginx state=started

[root@centos6clean nginx]# vim handles/main.yml

– name: reload nginx

  shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean nginx]# cp /root/nginx.conf.j2 templates/

第三步:编写yml文件

[root@centos6clean nginx]#vim nginx.yml

 hosts: keepalived

  remote_user: root

  roles:

  – nginx

ansible

   

实战作业:

         (1) /备模型的keepalived+nginx;

         (2) httpd+php+php-mysql;

         (3) mysql-servermariadb-server

                   拥有testdb库,并允许testuser对其拥有所有权限;

ansible

准备环境:

[root@centos6cleanroles]#mkdir{keepalived,mariadb,php,phpmysql,httpd}/{files,tasks,vars,templates,meta,default,handlers} -pv

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim hosts

 [keepalived]

10.1.72.10 STATE=MASTER LEVEL=100 ip_addr=10.1.72.10

10.1.72.20 STATE=BACKUP LEVEL=90 ip_addr=10.1.72.20

#STATEkeepalived的状态

#LEVEL是优先级

#ip_addrnginx反代

[nginx]

10.1.72.40

10.1.72.30

[mariadb]

10.1.72.60

[root@centos6clean ansible]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@10.1.72.30 …//拷贝ssh

 

Keepalived角色

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/keepalived/tasks/main.yml

– name: install keeplived

  yum: name=keepalived state=present

– name: set conf

  template: src=keepalived.conf.j2 dest=/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

– name: start keepalived

  service: name=keepalived state=started

[root@centos6cleanansible]#cp/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf ./roles/keepalived/templates/keepalived.conf.j2

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/keepalived/templates/keepalived.conf.j2

global_defs {

   notification_email {

        root@localhost

   }

   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc

   smtp_server 127.0.0.1

   smtp_connect_timeout 30

   router_id LVS_DEVEL

}

vrrp_script nginx {

    script "killall -0 nginx && exit 0 || exit 1"

    interval 3

    weight -50

}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {

    state {{ STATE }}

    interface eth0

    virtual_router_id 51

    priority {{ LEVEL }}

    advert_int 1

    authentication {

        auth_type PASS

        auth_pass 1111

    }

    virtual_ipaddress {

        {{ ip_addr }}

    }

    track_script {

        nginx

        }

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/keepalived/vars/main.yml

ip_addr: "10.1.72.211/16"

Nginx角色

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/nginx/tasks/main.yml

– name: install nginx

  yum: name=nginx state=present

– name: copy conf

  template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

  notify: reload nginx

  tags: setconf

– name: start nginx

  service: name=nginx state=started

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/nginx/handles/main.yml

– name: reload nginx

  shell: nginx -s reload

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/nginx/templates/nginx.conf.j2

user              nginx;

worker_processes  {{ ansible_processor_vcpus }};

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log;

pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {

    worker_connections  1024;

}

http {

    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;

    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr – $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '

                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

        upstream webser {                                                                   

                server 10.1.72.30 weight=2;

                server 10.1.72.40 weight=1

        }

        server {

                listen 80;

                root /var/www/html;

                server_name www.72.com;

        location / {

                proxy_pass http://webser;

        }

        }

}

http角色

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/httpd/tasks/main.yml

– name: install amp

  yum: name={{ item }} state=present

  with_items:

  – httpd

  – php

  – php-mysql

– name: start amp

  service: name=httpd state=started

– name: copy

  copy: src=index.php dest=/var/www/html/index.php

vim roles/httpd/files/index.php

<?php

        $conn=mysql_connect("10.1.72.60",'testuser','123');

        if ($conn){

                echo "sussful";

        }else{

                echo "fales";

        }

?>

mariadb角色

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim roles/mariadb/tasks/main.yml

– name: install mariadb

  yum: name=mariadb-server state=present

– name: start mariadb

  service: name=mariadb state=started

– name: create db

  script: sql.sh

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim ./roles/mariadb/files/sql.sh

#!/bin/bash

#

mysql_host="127.0.0.1"

mysql_user="testuser"

mysql_pass="123"

mysql_db="testdb"

 

mysql -e "create database $mysql_db;"

mysql -e "grant all on $mysql_db.* to '$mysql_user'@'%' identified by '$mysql_pass';"

 

 

 

 

剧本文件:

[root@centos6clean ansible]# vim ans.yml

– hosts: all

  remote_user: root

  roles:

  – { role: nginx, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.10'"}

  – { role: nginx, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.20'"}

  – { role: keepalived, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.10'"}

  – { role: keepalived, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.20'"}

  – { role: httpd, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.30'"}

  – { role: httpd, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.40'"}

  – { role: mariadb, when: "ansible_default_ipv4.address == '10.1.72.60'"}

ansible

[root@centos6clean roles]# tree

.├── httpd

   ├── default

   ├── files

      └── index.php

   ├── handlers

   ├── meta

   ├── tasks

      └── main.yml

   ├── templates

   └── vars

├── keepalived

   ├── default

   ├── files

   ├── handlers

   ├── meta

   ├── tasks

      └── main.yml

   ├── templates

      └── keepalived.conf.j2

   └── vars

       └── main.yml

├── mariadb

   ├── default

   ├── files

      └── sql.sh

   ├── handlers

   ├── meta

   ├── tasks

      └── main.yml

   ├── templates

   └── vars

└── nginx

    ├── default

    ├── files

    ├── handlers

       └── main.yml

    ├── meta

    ├── tasks

       └── main.yml

    └── templates

        └── nginx.conf.j2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

原创文章,作者:landanhero,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.178linux.com/57923

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上一篇 2016-11-11
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