N26-第十二周

胡安慧 • • Linux干货

1、请描述一次完整的http请求处理过程；
        1、建立或处理链接：接收请求或拒绝请求
        2、接收请求：接收来自于网络的请求报文中对某资源的一次请求的过程；接收请求的方式通常是并发访问响应模型
        3、处理请求：对请求报文进行解析，获取客户端请求的资源及请求方法等相关信息
        4、访问资源；获取请求报文中请求的资源
        5、构建响应报文
        6、发送响应报文
        7、记录日志

2、httpd所支持的处理模型有哪些，他们的分别使用于哪些环境。
        prefork：多进程模型，每个进程响应一个请求
            一个主进程：负责生成和回收子进程以处理用户请求；创建套接字；将请求派发给子进程处理
            n个子进程（工作进程）：每个子进程处理一个请求
            工作模型：预先生成几个空闲进程，随时等待用于响应用户请求，最大空闲和最小空闲
        worker：多进程多线程模型，每个线程处理用户请求
            一个主进程：负责生成子进程；创建套接字，负责接收请求并将其派发给子进程处理
            多个子进程：每个子进程负责生成多个线程
            每个线程：负责响应用户请求
            并发响应数量：子进程 * 每个子进程创建最大线程数量
   event：事件驱动模型，多进程模型，每个进程响应多个请求
            一个主进程：生成子进程，创建套接字，负责接收请求并将其派发给子进程处理
            子进程：基于事件驱动机制直接响应多个请求
            httpd 2.2：仍为测试使用模型
            httpd 2.4：event 可于生产环境使用
3、源码编译安装LAMP环境（基于wordpress程序），并写出详细的安装、配置、测试过程。
      

     
1、上传或在网上下载安装所需要的包
[root@localhost src]# ll 
总用量 508592
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   1031613 12月  6 20:24 apr-1.5.2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    874044 12月  6 20:24 apr-util-1.5.4.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   6398218 12月  6 20:24 httpd-2.4.25.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    523321 12月  6 20:24 libmcrypt-2.5.7.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 478636602 12月  6 20:24 mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  12270535 12月  6 20:26 php-5.4.26.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   9210722 12月  6 20:24 wordpress-4.7.3-zh_CN.zip
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    146444 12月  6 20:26 xcache-3.1.0.tar.bz2

2、编译安装apr和apr-util（httpd2.4依赖1.4版本以上的apr和apr-util）
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-1.5.2.tar.gz 
[root@localhost src]# cd apr-1.5.2
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr 
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]#  make && make install
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]# cd ..
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-util-1.5.4.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# cd apr-util-1.5.4
[root@localhost apr-util-1.5.4]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr/
[root@localhost apr-util-1.5.4]# make && make install 

3、编译安装httpd软件
[root@localhost apr-util-1.5.4]# cd ..
[root@localhost src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.25.tar.bz2
[root@localhost src]# cd httpd-2.4.25
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd24 --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 --enable-so --enable-ssl --enable-cgi --enable-rewrite --with-pcre --with-zlib --enable-modules=most --enable-mpms-shared=all --with-mpm-prefork
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# make && make install 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# cd /usr/local/httpd24/
[root@localhost httpd24]# ln -sv /usr/local/httpd24/include/ /usr/include/httpd24 --导入编译安装的httpd头文件
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim /etc/profile.d/http24.sh   --设置httpd的命令PATH变量
        export PATH=/usr/local/httpd24/bin:$PATH
[root@localhost httpd24]# . /etc/profile.d/http24.sh
[root@localhost httpd24]# apachectl start 
4、解压通用二进制的mariadb包并初始化安装
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz  -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# useradd mysql
[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64 mysql
[root@localhost local]# mkdir -p /data/mysqldata
[root@localhost local]# chown mysql:mysql /data/mysqldata
[root@localhost local]# chown root:mysql -R mysql
[root@localhost mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysqldata
[root@localhost mysql]# cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/my.cnf 
[root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/my.cnf --在[mysql]段中增加以下三项
    datadir=/data/mysqldata
    innodb_file_per_table = ON
    skip_name_resolve = ON
[root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh --增加mysql二进制环境变量
    export  PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH 
[root@localhost mysql]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/  
[root@localhost mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost mysql]# service  mysql start
[root@localhost mysql]# mysql 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 5
Server version: 10.1.22-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 
5、解压并编译安装php-5.4.26
[root@localhost src]# tar xf php-5.4.26.tar.bz2 
[root@localhost src]# cd php-5.4.26
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]#  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-openssl --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --enable-mbstring --with-png-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --enable-sockets --with-apxs2=/usr/local/httpd24/bin/apxs --with-mcrypt --with-config-file-path=/etc --with-config-file-scan-dir=/etc/php.d --with-bz2
[root@localhost src]# make && make install
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
        AddType application/x-httpd-php .php    --增加两项使httpd识别支持php
        AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .php
        ...
            DirectoryIndex index.html index.php --添加index.php
安装完成后重新启动httpd测试
php模块
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim /usr/local/httpd24/htdocs/index.php 

<?php
        phpinfo();
?>

访问页面httpd页面 N26-第十二周 mysql数据库的连通性
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim /usr/local/httpd24/htdocs/mysql.php

<?php
        $conn = mysql_connect('127.0.0.1','root','');
        if ($conn)
                echo "OK";
        else
                echo "Failure";
?> N26-第十二周               
 6、安装wordpress
--创建wordpress使用到的数据库和用户
[root@localhost htdocs]# mysql 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 10.1.22-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> create database wordpress;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on wordpress.* to wpuser@'192.168.%.%' identified by 'wpuser';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 
--解压wordpress安装包到httpd的网页存放路径 
[root@localhost src]# unzip wordpress-4.7.3-zh_CN.zip 
[root@localhost src]# mv wordpress /usr/local/httpd24/htdocs/
--复制wordpress的示例配置文件为当前配置文件并编辑
[root@localhost htdocs]# cd wordpress/


    [root@localhost wordpress]# vim wp-config.php 


/** MySQL数据库密码 */
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'magedu');

/** MySQL主机 */
define('DB_HOST', '192.168.241.10');

/** 创建数据表时默认的文字编码 */
define('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8');

/** 数据库整理类型。如不确定请勿更改 */
define('DB_COLLATE', '');


    --通过页面进行安装wordpress


N26-第十二周 --安装成功 N26-第十二周


4、建立httpd服务器(基于编译的方式进行)，要求：
     提供两个基于名称的虚拟主机:
    (a)www1.stuX.com，页面文件目录为/web/vhosts/www1；错误日志为/var/log/httpd/www1.err，访问日志为/var/log/httpd/www1.access；
    (b)www2.stuX.com，页面文件目录为/web/vhosts/www2；错误日志为/var/log/httpd/www2.err，访问日志为/var/log/httpd/www2.access；
    (c)为两个虚拟主机建立各自的主页文件index.html，内容分别为其对应的主机名；
    (d)通过www1.stuX.com/server-status输出httpd工作状态相关信息，且只允许提供帐号密码才能访问(status:status)；
5、为第4题中的第2个虚拟主机提供https服务，使得用户可以通过https安全的访问此web站点；
   (1)要求使用证书认证，证书中要求使用的国家(CN)、州(HA)、城市(ZZ)和组织(MageEdu)；
   (2)设置部门为Ops，主机名为www2.stuX.com，邮件为admin@stuX.com；
6、在LAMP架构中，请分别以php编译成httpd模块形式和php以fpm工作为独立守护进程的方式来支持httpd，列出详细的过程。

1、安装httpd2.4需要先安装apr apr-util
[root@localhost src]# ls
httpd-2.4.25.tar.bz2                           wordpress-4.7.3-zh_CN.zip
apr-1.5.2.tar.gz       mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
apr-util-1.5.4.tar.gz  php-7.1.3.tar.bz2
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-1.5.2.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# cd apr-1.5.2
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]# make && make install 
[root@localhost apr-1.5.2]# cd ..
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-util-1.5.4.tar.gz 
[root@localhost src]# cd apr-util-1.5.4
[root@localhost apr-util-1.5.4]# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/apr-util –with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-util-1.5.4]# make && make install 
2、编译安装httpd2.4
[root@localhost src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.25.tar.bz2 
[root@localhost src]# cd httpd-2.4.25
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/httpd24 –sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 –enable-so –enable-ssl –enable-cgi –enable-rewrite –with-zlib –with-pcre –with-apr=/usr/local/apr –with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util –with-enable-modules=most –enable-mpms-shared=all –with-mpm=prefork 
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# make && make install 
3、导出httpd24的头文件
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.25]# cd /usr/local/httpd24/
[root@localhost httpd24]# ln -sv /usr/local/httpd24/include /usr/include/httpd24
‘/usr/include/httpd24’ -> ‘/usr/local/httpd24/include’
4、添加httpd24命令路径到PATH变量
[root@localhost httpd24]# echo “export PATH=/usr/local/httpd24/bin:$PATH” > /etc/profile.d/httpd24.sh
[root@localhost httpd24]# . /etc/profile.d/httpd24.sh
5、解压并初始化maridb数据库
[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mariadb-10.1.22-linux-glibc_214-x86_64 mysql
[root@localhost local]# useradd -g 3306 -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@localhost local]# chown root:mysql -R mysql 
[root@localhost local]# cd mysql
[root@localhost mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db –user=mysql –datadir=/data/mysqldata

[root@localhost mysql]# cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/my.cnf
6、编辑/etc/my.cnf添加一下内容
[root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/my.cnf
datadir = /data/mysqldata
innodb_file_per_table = ON
skip_name_resolve = ON

7、导出maridb的头文件，添加maridb命令到PATH变量
[root@localhost mysql]# echo “export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH” > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
8、添加maridb的启动脚本并启动maridb
[root@localhost mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server  /etc/init.d/mysql 
[root@localhost mysql]# service  mysql start
Reloading systemd:                                         [  OK  ]
Starting mysql (via systemctl):                            [  OK  ]
9、编译安装php以php-fpm形式
[root@localhost local]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@localhost src]# tar xf php-7.1.3.tar.bz2 
[root@localhost src]# cd php-7.1.3 
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/php7  –with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql/ –with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config –with-openssl  –enable-mbstring –with-freetype-dir –with-jpeg-dir –with-png-dir –with-zlib –with-libxml-dir=/usr –enable-xml –enable-sockets –enable-fpm –with-mcrypt –with-config-file-path=/etc –with-config-file-scan-dir=/etc/php.d –with-bz2
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# make && make install 
10、为php提供配置文件
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
11、添加php-fpm的启动脚本
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm 
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fpm 
12、为php-fpm提供配置文件并启动
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# service  php-fpm start
13、编辑httpd的配置文件启用fcgi模块、添加AddType让httpd能够识别php页面并支持php主页
[root@localhost php-7.1.3]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf 

LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so

AddType application/x-httpd-php php
    AddType application/x-httpd-php-source php

DirectoryIndex index.php index.html

14、编辑httpd虚拟机配置文件启用php页面转发到php-fpm
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim extra/httpd-vhosts.conf 
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www1.stux.com
    DocumentRoot “/web/vhost/www1”
    ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www1.err”
    CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www1.access” common
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch  ^/(.*\.php)$  fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/web/vhost/www1/$1
<Directory /web/vhost/www1>
        Options None
        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www2.stux.com
    DocumentRoot “/web/vhost/www2”
    ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www2.err”
    CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www2.access” common
<Directory /web/vhost/www2>
        Options None
        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
测试

N26-第十二周N26-第十二周
15、www1.stux.com虚拟主机启用status页面并只开放给指定用户status：status
–确保httpd中的 status_module modules/mod_status.so 模块处于启用状态
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim httpd.conf
 status_module modules/mod_status.so
 –编辑www1.stux.com的配置文件增加status页面的location
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www1.stux.com
    DocumentRoot “/web/vhost/www1”
    ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www1.err”
    CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www1.access” common
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch  ^/(.*\.php)$  fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/web/vhost/www1/$1
<Directory /web/vhost/www1>
        Options None
        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted
</Directory>
<location /server-status>
  SetHandler server-status
  AuthType Basic
  AuthNAMe “String”
  AuthUserFile “/etc/httpd24/passwd”
  Require user status
</location>
</VirtualHost>
–创建Basic认证模式的用户文件以及认证用户
[root@localhost httpd24]# htpasswd -c /etc/httpd24/passwd status
New password: –键入密码
Re-type new password:   –键入密码
Adding password for user status
–创建成功
[root@localhost httpd24]# cat /etc/httpd24/passwd 
status:$apr1$MaeXXvGN$LAZEvbxr351VlaKamzwsB0
测试结果如下

N26-第十二周

N26-第十二周
16、为www2.stux.com提供https服务，https服务需要有证书，此处使用私有CA服务器进行签发证书
–构建私有CA
–生成私钥
[root@CA ~]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem 4096)
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.++
……………….++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
–生成自签证书
[root@CA ~]# openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/cacert.pem -days 3655
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
string is too long, it needs to be less than  2 bytes long
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN  
State or Province Name (full name) []:HA
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:mage
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:mage
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []:CA
Email Address []:admin.123@.com 
–httpd主机生成私钥
[root@localhost httpd24]# mkdir ssl
[root@localhost httpd24]# cd ssl
[root@localhost ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/httpd24/ssl/httpd.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
…………….+++
……….+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
–httpd主机生成证书签署请求
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd24/ssl/httpd.key -out /etc/httpd24/ssl/httpd.csr -days 365
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HA
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ZZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:MageEdu
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ops
Common Name (eg, your name or your server’s hostname) []:www2.stux.com
Email Address []:admin@stux.com
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
–复制签署请求到CA主机
[root@localhost ssl]# scp httpd.csr root@192.168.44.22:/tmp
–CA主机签署请求
[root@CA ~]# openssl ca -in /tmp/httpd.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Validity
            Not Before: May 14 19:52:19 2017 GMT
            Not After : May 14 19:52:19 2018 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = CN
            stateOrProvinceName       = HA
            organizationName          = MageEdu
            organizationalUnitName    = Ops
            commonName                = www2.stux.com
            emailAddress              = admin@stux.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment: 
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                93:53:1D:0B:D0:BB:28:91:E1:5C:3C:32:1D:A9:BE:12:2B:6A:2C:FD
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:0F:DD:02:54:8D:ED:6D:0B:A2:00:4A:BF:B9:51:CD:5B:05:B3:F5:70

Certificate is to be certified until May 14 19:52:19 2018 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
–复制签署过的证书到httpd主机上
[root@CA ~]# scp /etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt root@192.168.44.20:/etc/httpd24/ssl/
–确保mod_ssl.so启用
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim httpd.conf 
LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
–编辑httpd-ssl.conf配置文件后重启httpd服务
[root@localhost httpd24]# vim extra/httpd-ssl.conf

DocumentRoot “/web/vhost/www2”
ServerName www2.stux.com

SSLCertificateKeyFile “/etc/httpd24/ssl/httpd.key”
SSLCertificateFile “/etc/httpd24/ssl/httpd.crt”
–使用opessl s_client命令进行测试
–因使用的是私有ca故为避免麻烦直接使用CA主机进行测试
[root@CA ~]# openssl s_client -connect www2.stux.com:443 -CAfile /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
….
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)
在最后一行可以看到返回值OK

原创文章，作者：胡安慧，如若转载，请注明出处：http://www.178linux.com/72956

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