编程语言:
硬件级:微码编程,汇编语言
系统级:C,C++,…
应用级:Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Perl, C#, …
Python: PVM
Standard Library
Web Framework:Django, Flask, …
Java:JVM,JDK
bash:bash explainer
…
程序:指令+数据
过程式编程:以指令为中心,数据服务于代码;
对象式编程:以数据为中心,指令服务于数据;
对象,方法(method)
Java:
Sun, Green Project, Oak, James Gosling;
1995:Java 1.0, Write once, Run Anywhere;
1996:JDK(Java Development Kit),包含类库、开发工具(javac)、JVM(SUN Classic VM)
JDK 1.0, Applet, AWT
1997:JDK 1.1
1998: JDK 1.2
Sun分拆Java技术为三个方向:
J2SE:Standard Edition
J2EE:Enterprise Edition
J2ME:Mobile Edition
代表性技术:EJB,java plugin, Swing, JIT(Just In Time,即时编译)
2000:JDK 1.3
HotSpot VM
2002:JDK 1.4
2006:Sun开源了Java技术,GPL,建立一个称为OpenJDK组织;
Java 2 SE, Java 2 EE, Java 2 ME
2011:JDK 1.7
2014:JDK 1.8
2016:JDK 1.9
Java代码的运行:
*.java(source code) –> javac –> *.class(bytecode)
jvm:class loader,加载程序的类文件,及程序的类文件依赖到的其它的类文件而后运行; 整个运行表现为一个jvm进程;
threads;
java技术体系:
Java编程语言
Java Class文件格式
Java API
Java VM
class loader
执行引擎
JVM运行时区域:
方法区:线程共享; 用于存储被JVM加载的class信息、常量、静态变量、方法等;
堆:是jvm所管理的内存中占用空间最大的一部分;也是GC管理的主要区域;存储对象;
Java栈:线程私有,存储 线程自己的局部变量;
PC寄存器:线程私有的内存空间,程序的指令指针;
本地方法栈:
安装JDK
了解当前的java环境:
~]# java -version
OpenJDK:
java-VERSION-openjdk:
The OpenJDK runtime environment.
java-VERSION-openjdk-headless:
The OpenJDK runtime environment without audio and video support.
java-VERSION-openjdk-devel:
The OpenJDK development tools.
CentOS 7:
VERSION:1.6.0, 1.7.0, 1.8.0
注意:多版本并存时,可使用 alternatives命令设定默认使用的版本;
Oracle JDK:
安装相应版本的rpm包;
jdk-VERSION-OS-ARCH.rpm
例如:jdk-1.8.0_25-linux-x64.rpm
注意:安装完成后,要配置JAVA_HOME环境变量,指向java的安装路径;
OpenJDK:
JAVA_HOME=/usr
Oracle JDK:
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk_VERSION
Java 2 EE:
CGI: Common Gateway Interface
Servlet:
类库;web app;
Servlet container, Servlet Engine
JSP: Java Server Page
<html>
<title>TITLE</title>
<body>
<h1>…</h1>
<%
… java code…
%>
</body>
</html>
.jsp –>jasper–> .java –> javac –> .class –> jvm
注意:基于jasper将静态输出的数据转为java代码进行输出,结果为servlet规范的代码;
JSP Container:
JSP + Servlet Container
Java Web Server:JWS
ASF:JServ
Tomcat 3.x
Tomcat 4.x
Catalina
http://tomcat.apache.org/
商业实现:
WebSphere, WebLogic, Oc4j, Glassfish, Geronimo, JOnAS, JBoss, …
开源实现:
Tomcat, Jetty, Resin, …
Tomcat: Java 2 EE技术体系的不完整实现;
回顾:
java技术体系:
Java编程语言、Java Class文件格式、Java API、JVM
java的技术方向:
J2SE –> JAVA 2 SE, JDK
j2EE –> JAVA 2 EE,
Servlet, JSP, JMX, …
J2ME –> JAVA 2 ME
Servlet Container:
JDK + Servlet
JSP Container:
JSP + Servlet Container
JVM运行时区域:方法区、堆、Java栈、PC寄存器、本地方法栈;
Tomcat:事先部署JDK;
Java 2 EE不完整实现;
Tomcat(2)
Tomcat:
使用java语言编写:
Tomcat的核心组件:server.xml
<Server>
<Service>
<connector/>
<connector/>
…
<Engine>
<Host>
<Context/>
<Context/>
…
</Host>
<Host>
…
</Host>
…
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
每一个组件都由一个Java“类”实现,这些组件大体可分为以下几个类型:
顶级组件:Server
服务类组件:Service
连接器组件:http, https, ajp
容器类:Engine, Host, Context
被嵌套类:valve, logger, realm, loader, manager, …
集群类组件:listener, cluster, …
安装Tomcat:
Base Repo:
tomcat, tomcat-lib, tomcat-admin-webapps, tomcat-webapps, tomcat-docs-webapp
Tomcat binary release:
tar xf apache-tomcat-VERSION.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
cd /usr/local
ln -sv apache-tomcat-VERSION tomcat
/etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
export CATALINA_BASE=/usr/local/tomcat
export PATH=$CATALINA_BASE/bin:$PATH
tomcat程序环境:
tomcat的目录结构
bin:脚本,及启动时用到的类;
conf:配置文件目录;
lib:库文件,Java类库,jar;
logs:日志文件目录;
temp:临时文件目录;
webapps:webapp的默认目录;
work:工作目录;
rpm包安装的程序环境:
配置文件目录:/etc/tomcat
主配置文件:server.xml
webapps存放位置:/var/lib/tomcat/webapps/
examples
manager
host-manager
docs
Unit File:tomcat.service
环境配置文件:/etc/sysconfig/tomcat
tomcat的配置文件:
server.xml:主配置文件;
web.xml:每个webapp只有“部署”后才能被访问,它的部署方式通常由web.xml进行定义,其存放位置为WEB-INF/目录中;此文件为所有的webapps提供默认配置;
context.xml:每个web都可以专用的配置文件,它通常由专用的配置文件context.xml来定义,其存放位置为WEB-INF/目录中;此文件为所有的webapps提供默认配置;
tomcat-users.xml:用户认证的账号和密码文件;
catalina.policy:当使用-security选项启动tomcat时,用于为tomcat设置安全策略;
catalina.properties:Java属性的定义文件,用于设定类加载器路径,以及一些与JVM调优相关参数;
logging.properties:日志系统相关的配置;
catalina.sh –help
debug Start Catalina in a debugger
debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager
jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger
run Start Catalina in the current window
run -security Start in the current window with security manager
start Start Catalina in a separate window
start -security Start in a separate window with security manager
stop Stop Catalina, waiting up to 5 seconds for the process to end
stop n Stop Catalina, waiting up to n seconds for the process to end
stop -force Stop Catalina, wait up to 5 seconds and then use kill -KILL if still running
stop n -force Stop Catalina, wait up to n seconds and then use kill -KILL if still running
configtest Run a basic syntax check on server.xml – check exit code for result
version What version of tomcat are you running?
JSP WebAPP的组织结构:
/: webapps的根目录
index.jsp:主页;
WEB-INF/:当前webapp的私有资源路径;通常用于存储当前webapp的web.xml和context.xml配置文件;
META-INF/:类似于WEB-INF/;
classes/:类文件,当前webapp所提供的类;
lib/:类文件,当前webapp所提供的类,被打包为jar格式;
webapp归档格式:
.war:webapp
.jar:EJB的类打包文件;
.rar:资源适配器类打包文件;
.ear:企业级webapp;
部署(deploy)webapp的相关操作:
deploy:将webapp的源文件放置于目标目录(网页程序文件存放目录),配置tomcat服务器能够基于web.xml和context.xml文件中定义的路径来访问此webapp;将其特有的类和依赖的类通过class loader装载至JVM;
部署有两种方式:
自动部署:auto deploy
手动部署:
冷部署:把webapp复制到指定的位置,而后才启动tomcat;
热部署:在不停止tomcat的前提下进行部署;
部署工具:manager、ant脚本、tcd(tomcat client deployer)等;
undeploy:反部署,停止webapp,并从tomcat实例上卸载webapp;
start:启动处于停止状态的webapp;
stop:停止webapp,不再向用户提供服务;其类依然在jvm上;
redeploy:重新部署;
手动提供一测试类应用,并冷部署:
mkidr -pv /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/test/{classes,lib,WEB-INF}
创建文件/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/test/index.jsp
<%@ page language=”java” %>
<%@ page import=”java.util.*” %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Test Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<% out.println(“hello world”);
%>
</body>
</html>
tomcat的两个管理应用:
manager
host-manager
tomcat的常用组件配置:
Server:代表tomcat instance,即表现出的一个java进程;监听在8005端口,只接收“SHUTDOWN”。各server监听的端口不能相同,因此,在同一物理主机启动多个实例时,需要修改其监听端口为不同的端口;
Service:用于实现将一个或多个connector组件关联至一个engine组件;
Connector组件:
负责接收请求,常见的有三类http/https/ajp;
进入tomcat的请求可分为两类:
(1) standalone : 请求来自于客户端浏览器;
(2) 由其它的web server反代:来自前端的反代服务器;
nginx –> http connector –> tomcat
httpd(proxy_http_module) –> http connector –> tomcat
httpd(proxy_ajp_module) –> ajp connector –> tomcat
属性:
port=”8080″
protocol=”HTTP/1.1″
connectionTimeout=”20000″
address:监听的IP地址;默认为本机所有可用地址;
maxThreads:最大并发连接数,默认为200;
enableLookups:是否启用DNS查询功能;
acceptCount:等待队列的最大长度;
secure:
sslProtocol:
Engine组件:Servlet实例,即servlet引擎,其内部可以一个或多个host组件来定义站点; 通常需要通过defaultHost来定义默认的虚拟主机;
属性:
name=
defaultHost=”localhost”
jvmRoute=
Host组件:位于engine内部用于接收请求并进行相应处理的主机或虚拟主机,示例:
<Host name=”localhost” appBase=”webapps”
unpackWARs=”true” autoDeploy=”true”>
</Host>
常用属性说明:
(1) appBase:此Host的webapps的默认存放目录,指存放非归档的web应用程序的目录或归档的WAR文件目录路径;可以使用基于$CATALINA_BASE变量所定义的路径的相对路径;
(2) autoDeploy:在Tomcat处于运行状态时,将某webapp放置于appBase所定义的目录中时,是否自动将其部署至tomcat;
示例:
<Host name=”tc1.magedu.com” appBase=”/appdata/webapps” unpackWARs=”true” autoDeploy=”true”>
</Host>
mkdir -pv /appdata/webapps
mkdir -pv /appdata/webapps/ROOT/{lib,classes,WEB-INF}
提供一个测试页即可;
Context组件:
示例:
<Context path=”/PATH” docBase=”/PATH/TO/SOMEDIR” reloadable=””/>
综合示例:
<Host name=”node1.magedu.com” appBase=”/web/apps” unpackWARs=”true” autoDeploy=”true”>
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve” directory=”logs”
prefix=”node1_access” suffix=”.log”
pattern=”%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b” />
<Context path=”/test” docBase=”test” reloadable=””>
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve” directory=”logs”
prefix=”node1_test_access_” suffix=”.log”
pattern=”%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b” />
</Context>
</Host>
Valve组件:
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve” directory=”logs”
prefix=”localhost_access_log” suffix=”.txt”
pattern=”%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b” />
Valve存在多种类型:
定义访问日志:org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve
定义访问控制:org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve” deny=”172.16.100.67″/>
LNMT:Linux Nginx MySQL Tomcat
Client (http) –> nginx (reverse proxy)(http) –> tomcat (http connector)
location / {
proxy_pass http://tc1.magedu.com:8080;
}
location ~* .(jsp|do)$ {
proxy_pass http://tc1.magedu.com:8080;
}
LAMT:Linux Apache(httpd) MySQL Tomcat
httpd的代理模块:
proxy_module
proxy_http_module:适配http协议客户端;
proxy_ajp_module:适配ajp协议客户端;
Client (http) –> httpd (proxy_http_module)(http) –> tomcat (http connector)
Client (http) –> httpd (proxy_ajp_module)(ajp) –> tomcat (ajp connector)
Client (http) –> httpd (mod_jk)(ajp) –> tomcat (ajp connector)
proxy_http_module代理配置示例:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName tc1.magedu.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyVia On
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / http://tc1.magedu.com:8080/
ProxyPassReverse / http://tc1.magedu.com:8080/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
proxy_ajp_module代理配置示例:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName tc1.magedu.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyVia On
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / ajp://tc1.magedu.com:8009/
ProxyPassReverse / ajp://tc1.magedu.com:8009/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
课外实践:client –> nginx –> httpd –> tomcat
proxy_http_module)(http) –> tomcat (http connector)
Client (http) –> httpd (proxy_ajp_module)(ajp) –> tomcat (ajp connector)
Client (http) –> httpd (mod_jk)(ajp) –> tomcat (ajp connector)
proxy_http_module代理配置示例:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName tc1.magedu.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyVia On
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / http://tc1.magedu.com:8080/
ProxyPassReverse / http://tc1.magedu.com:8080/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
proxy_ajp_module代理配置示例:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName tc1.magedu.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyVia On
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / ajp://tc1.magedu.com:8009/
ProxyPassReverse / ajp://tc1.magedu.com:8009/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
课外实践:client –> nginx –> httpd –> tomcat
会话保持:
(1) session sticky
source_ip
nginx: ip_hash
haproxy: source
lvs: sh
cookie:
nginx:hash
haproxy: cookie
(2) session cluster:delta session manager
(3) session server:redis(store), memcached(cache)
Tomcat Cluster(session)
(1) session sticky
(2) session cluster
tomcat delta manager
(3) session server
memcached
Tomcat Cluster
(1) httpd + tomcat cluster
httpd: mod_proxy, mod_proxy_http, mod_proxy_balancer
tomcat cluster:http connector
(2) httpd + tomcat cluster
httpd: mod_proxy, mod_proxy_ajp, mod_proxy_balancer
tomcat cluster:ajp connector
(3) httpd + tomcat cluster
httpd: mod_jk
tomcat cluster:ajp connector
(4) nginx + tomcat cluster
第一种方法的实现:
<proxy balancer://tcsrvs>
BalancerMember http://172.18.100.67:8080
BalancerMember http://172.18.100.68:8080
ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests
</Proxy>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName lb.magedu.com
ProxyVia On
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / balancer://tcsrvs/
ProxyPassReverse / balancer://tcsrvs/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
会话粘性的实现方法:
Header add Set-Cookie “ROUTEID=.%{BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE}e; path=/” env=BALANCER_ROUTE_CHANGED
<proxy balancer://tcsrvs>
BalancerMember http://172.18.100.67:8080 route=TomcatA loadfactor=1
BalancerMember http://172.18.100.68:8080 route=TomcatB loadfactor=2
ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests
ProxySet stickysession=ROUTEID
</Proxy>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName lb.magedu.com
ProxyVia On
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / balancer://tcsrvs/
ProxyPassReverse / balancer://tcsrvs/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
启用管理接口:
<Location /balancer-manager>
SetHandler balancer-manager
ProxyPass !
Require all granted
</Location>
示例程序:
演示效果,在TomcatA上某context中(如/test),提供如下页面
<%@ page language=”java” %>
<html>
<head><title>TomcatA</title></head>
<body>
<h1><font color=”red”>TomcatA.magedu.com</font></h1>
<table align=”centre” border=”1″>
<tr>
<td>Session ID</td>
<% session.setAttribute(“magedu.com”,”magedu.com”); %>
<td><%= session.getId() %></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Created on</td>
<td><%= session.getCreationTime() %></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
演示效果,在TomcatB上某context中(如/test),提供如下页面
<%@ page language=”java” %>
<html>
<head><title>TomcatB</title></head>
<body>
<h1><font color=”blue”>TomcatB.magedu.com</font></h1>
<table align=”centre” border=”1″>
<tr>
<td>Session ID</td>
<% session.setAttribute(“magedu.com”,”magedu.com”); %>
<td><%= session.getId() %></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Created on</td>
<td><%= session.getCreationTime() %></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
第二种方式:
<proxy balancer://tcsrvs>
BalancerMember ajp://172.18.100.67:8009
BalancerMember ajp://172.18.100.68:8009
ProxySet lbmethod=byrequests
</Proxy>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName lb.magedu.com
ProxyVia On
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPreserveHost On
<Proxy *>
Require all granted
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / balancer://tcsrvs/
ProxyPassReverse / balancer://tcsrvs/
<Location />
Require all granted
</Location>
<Location /balancer-manager>
SetHandler balancer-manager
ProxyPass !
Require all granted
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
保持会话的方式参考前一种方式。
Tomcat Session Replication Cluster:
(1) 配置启用集群,将下列配置放置于<engine>或<host>中;
<Cluster className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster”
channelSendOptions=”8″>
<Manager className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.session.DeltaManager”
expireSessionsOnShutdown=”false”
notifyListenersOnReplication=”true”/>
<Channel className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel”>
<Membership className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService”
address=”228.0.0.4″
port=”45564″
frequency=”500″
dropTime=”3000″/>
<Receiver className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver”
address=”auto”
port=”4000″
autoBind=”100″
selectorTimeout=”5000″
maxThreads=”6″/>
<Sender className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter”>
<Transport className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender”/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector”/>
<Interceptor className=”org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatch15Interceptor”/>
</Channel>
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve”
filter=””/>
<Valve className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve”/>
<Deployer className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer”
tempDir=”/tmp/war-temp/”
deployDir=”/tmp/war-deploy/”
watchDir=”/tmp/war-listen/”
watchEnabled=”false”/>
<ClusterListener className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteSessionIDBinderListener”/>
<ClusterListener className=”org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener”/>
</Cluster>
确保Engine的jvmRoute属性配置正确。
(2) 配置webapps
编辑WEB-INF/web.xml,添加<distributable/>元素;
Tomcat的常用优化配置:
(1) 内存空间:
/etc/sysconfig/tomcat
JAVA_OPTS=”-server -Xms -Xmx -XX:NewSize= -XX:MaxNewSize= -XX:PermSize= -XX:MaxPermSize=”
-server:服务器模型
-Xms:堆内存初始化大小;
-Xmx:堆内存空间上限;
-XX:NewSize=:新生代空间初始化大小;
-XX:MaxNewSize=:新生代空间最大值;
-XX:PermSize=:持久代空间初始化大小;
-XX:MaxPermSize=:持久代空间最大值;
(2) 线程池设置:
<Connector port=”8080″ protocol=”HTTP/1.1″ connectionTimeout=”20000″ redirectPort=”8443″ />
常用属性:
maxThreads:最大线程数;
minSpareThreads:最小空闲线程数;
maxSpareThreads:最大空闲线程数;
acceptCount:等待队列的最大长度;
URIEncoding:URI地址编码格式,建议使用UTF-8;
enableLookups:是否启用dns解析,建议禁用;
compression:是否启用传输压缩机制,建议“on”;
compressionMinSize:启用压缩传输的数据流最小值,单位是字节;
compressableMimeType:定义启用压缩功能的MIME类型;
text/html, text/xml, text/css, text/javascript
(3) 禁用8005端口;
<Server port=”-1″ shutdown=”SHUTDOWN”>
(4) 隐藏版本信息:
<Connector port=”8080″ protocol=”HTTP/1.1″ connectionTimeout=”20000″ redirectPort=”8443″ />
Server=”SOME STRING”
Tomcat Session Server (memcached)
https://github.com/magro/memcached-session-manager
支持的session server类型:
memcached:
couchbase:
redis:
博客作业:tomcat
(1) nginx + tomcat cluster, httpd(proxy_http_module)+tomcat cluster, httpd(proxy_ajp_module)+tomcat cluster;
特别说明会话保持的实现方式;
(2) tomcat cluster升级为session cluster, 使用deltaManager;
(3) tomcat cluster将会话保存至memcached中;
JVM常用的分析工具:
jps:用来查看运行的所有jvm进程;
jinfo:查看进程的运行环境参数,主要是jvm命令行参数;
jstat:对jvm应用程序的资源和性能进行实时监控;
jstack:查看所有线程的运行状态;
jmap:查看jvm占用物理内存的状态;
jconsole:
jvisualvm:
jps:Java virutal machine Process Status tool,
jps [-q] [-mlvV] [<hostid>]
-q:静默模式;
-v:显示传递给jvm的命令行参数;
-m:输出传入main方法的参数;
-l:输出main类或jar完全限定名称;
-V:显示通过flag文件传递给jvm的参数;
[<hostid>]:主机id,默认为localhost;
jinfo:输出给定的java进程的所有配置信息;
jinfo [option] <pid>
-flags:to print VM flags
-sysprops:to print Java system properties
-flag <name>:to print the value of the named VM flag
jstack:查看指定的java进程的线程栈的相关信息;
jstack [-l] <pid>
jstack -F [-m] [-l] <pid>
-l:long listings,会显示额外的锁信息,因此,发生死锁时常用此选项;
-m:混合模式,既输出java堆栈信息,也输出C/C++堆栈信息;
-F:当使用“jstack -l PID”无响应,可以使用-F强制输出信息;
jstat:输出指定的java进程的统计信息
jstat -help|-options
jstat -<option> [-t] [-h<lines>] <vmid> [<interval> [<count>]]
jstat -options
-class:class loader
-compiler:JIT
-gc:gc
-gccapacity:统计堆中各代的容量
-gccause:
-gcmetacapacity
-gcnew:新生代
-gcnewcapacity
-gcold:老年代
-gcoldcapacity
-gcutil
-printcompilation
[<interval> [<count>]]
interval:时间间隔,单位是毫秒;
count:显示的次数;
-gc:
YGC:新生代的垃圾回收次数;
YGCT:新生代垃圾回收消耗的时长;
FGC:Full GC的次数;
FGCT:Full GC消耗的时长;
GCT:GC消耗的总时长;
jmap:Memory Map, 用于查看堆内存的使用状态;
jhat:Java Heap Analysis Tool
jmap [option] <pid>
查看堆空间的详细信息:
jmap -heap <pid>
查看堆内存中的对象的数目:
jmap -histo[:live] <pid>
live:只统计活动对象;
保存堆内存数据至文件中,而后使用jvisualvm或jhat进行查看:
jmap -dump:<dump-options> <pid>
dump-options:
live dump only live objects; if not specified, all objects in the heap are dumped.
format=b binary format
file=<file> dump heap to <file>
课外作业:了解何为full gc,如何应对;
原创文章,作者:shewei,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.178linux.com/76698