POST –> Boot Sequence –> Bootloader –> kernel + initramfs(initrd) –> rootfs –> /sbin/init
init:
CentOS 5: SysV init
CentOS 6: Upstart
CentOS 7: Systemd
Systemd新特性:
系统引导时实现服务并行启动;
按需激活进程;
系统状态快照;
基于依赖关系定义服务控制逻辑;
核心概念:unit
配置文件进行标识和配置;文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听socket、保存的系统快照以及其它与init相关的信息;
保存至:
/usr/lib/systemd/system
/run/systemd/system
/etc/systemd/system
Unit的类型:
Service unit: 文件扩展名为.service, 用于定义系统服务;
Target unit: 文件扩展名为.target,用于模拟实现“运行级别”;
Device unit: .device, 用于定义内核识别的设备;
Mount unit: .mount, 定义文件系统挂载点;
Socket unit: .socket, 用于标识进程间通信用的socket文件;
Snapshot unit: .snapshot, 管理系统快照;
Swap unit: .swap, 用于标识swap设备;
Automount unit: .automount,文件系统的自动挂载点;
Path unit: .path,用于定义文件系统中的一个文件或目录;
关键特性:
基于socket的激活机制:socket与服务程序分离;
基于bus的激活机制:
基于device的激活机制:
基于path的激活机制:
系统快照:保存各unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中;
向后兼容sysv init脚本;
不兼容:
systemctl命令固定不变
非由systemd启动的服务,systemctl无法与之通信
管理系统服务:
CentOS 7: service unit
注意:能兼容早期的服务脚本
命令:systemctl COMMAND name.service
启动:service name start ==> systemctl start name.service
停止:service name stop ==> systemctl stop name.service
重启:service name restart ==> systemctl restart name.service
状态:service name status ==> systemctl status name.service
条件式重启:service name condrestart ==> systemctl try-restart name.service
重载或重启服务:systemctl reload-or-restart name.service
重载或条件式重启服务:systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service
禁止设定为开机自启:systemctl mask name.service
取消禁止设定为开机自启:systemctl unmask name.service
查看某服务当前激活与否的状态:systemctl is-active name.service
查看所有已经激活的服务:
systemctl list-units –type service
查看所有服务:
systemctl list-units –type service –all
chkconfig命令的对应关系:
设定某服务开机自启:chkconfig name on ==> systemctl enable name.service
禁止:chkconfig name off ==> systemctl disable name.service
查看所有服务的开机自启状态:
chkconfig –list ==> systemctl list-unit-files –type service
查看服务是否开机自启:systemctl is-enabled name.service
其它命令:
查看服务的依赖关系:systemctl list-dependencies name.service
target units:
unit配置文件:.target
运行级别:
0 ==> runlevel0.target, poweroff.target
1 ==> runlevel1.target, rescue.target
2 ==> runlevel2.target, multi-user.target
3 ==> runlevel3.target, multi-user.target
4 ==> runlevel4.target, multi-user.target
5 ==> runlevel5.target, graphical.target
6 ==> runlevel6.target, reboot.target
级别切换:
init N ==> systemctl isolate name.target
查看级别:
runlevel ==> systemctl list-units –type target
获取默认运行级别:
/etc/inittab ==> systemctl get-default
修改默认级别:
/etc/inittab ==> systemctl set-default name.target
切换至紧急救援模式:
systemctl rescue
切换至emergency模式:
systemctl emergency
其它常用命令:
关机:systemctl halt、systemctl poweroff
重启:systemctl reboot
挂起:systemctl suspend
快照:systemctl hibernate
快照并挂起:systemctl hybrid-sleep
原创文章,作者:kang,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.178linux.com/77624